Top 10 Greatest Rulers in European History

Elizabeth I was the Queen of England from 1558 until 1603, reigning as the last monarch from the House of Tudor. She made it on this list due to her remarkable political prowess, her ability to navigate a nation deeply divided by religious strife, and her role in shaping England into a global power. Elizabeth, though Protestant, allowed for religious tolerance in the state. During her reign, England defeated the Spanish Armada and also began the Elizabethan Golden Age where arts in England flourished. The Virgin Queen actively encouraged exploration, beginning the British colonial empire, leaving behind a lasting legacy and a nation stronger than ever before.

Otto von Bismark is often considered one of the greatest statesmen in European history. As Prime Minister of Prussia and the First Chancellor of the German Empire, Bismarck played a pivotal role in the unification of Germany, thus establishing the German Empire in 1871. His political brilliance, diplomacy, and statecraft reshaped the balance of power in Europe. His policies were driven by Realpolitik[a], putting the needs of the state first and basing his politics on practical objectives, rather than moral or ideological principles. He created the world’s first welfare state, and his efforts created a period of peace and stability within Europe, lasting right up until the First World War. His legacy endures to this day, earning him his rightful place on our list.

Louis XIV of France, also known as the Sun King, was the longest reigning monarch in the entirety of human history. He is a quintessential example of absolute monarchy, famously declaring “létat, c’est moi”, or in English - “I am the state.” His reign brought about centralization of power, military achievements, cultural influence, and the transformation of France into a dominant power at the time. He significantly reduced the power of the nobility and other political institutions, while also being a great patron of the arts, fostering a cultural golden age for France. The Palace of Versailles is one of his most important legacies. Louis’ influence had a lasting impact on Europe, with his reign remaining a defining example of absolute monarchy and royal grandeur.

Now for one of the most significant and ambitious Roman Emperors of all time, Justinian the Great. Reigning for over 30 years, he’s remembered for his efforts to restore the Roman Empire in the West, his monumental legal reforms and religious policies, and mind blowing architectural achievements. He reconquered Africa, Italy and Spain, reviving Rome’s dominance in the Mediterranean. The Justinian Code is one of his most enduring legacies, being the basis for law in Europe until the Napoleonic Code in 1804. He is also known for the stunning Hagia Sophia which still stands today. It would be impossible to briefly summarize his legacy, but his vision and determination alone are reason to earn him his place on the list.

Now for another amazing Roman Emperor - Constantine the Great. His reign marked the transition from pagan Rome to a Christian empire, laying the foundations for medieval Christendom. He was the first Christian Emperor and established the amazing city of Constantinople, which would be the Roman capital for longer than Rome itself. Aside from this he also reorganized the Empire’s administrative structure, putting reforms into place that majorly contributed to the Empire’s stability, allowing it to exist for over 1,000 years more after his death. He played a pivotal role in shaping the future of Europe, leaving behind a profound legacy and ushering in a new era for European history.

Widely considered one of the greatest rulers in history, Charlemagne’s reign marked a turning point in the medieval period, laying the groundwork for Western Europe as a political entity. He expanded the Frankish Empire, which became the largest European state since the fall of Western Rome. In 800 CE, he was crowned Emperor of the Romans by Pope Leo III, also establishing the Holy Roman Empire, which would later be formally established and exist for centuries. Now, he’s often referred to as the “Father of Europe,” with his efforts to create a united Christian Europe having an impact on Western civilization that can still be felt today.

Julius Caesar was such an influential ruler that one of our months is still named after him, over 2000 years after his death. His achievements had a lasting impact on Rome and were pivotal for transitioning it from a Republic into an Empire. He conquered Gaul, vastly increasing Rome’s wealth and influence. Caesar was also appointed dictator, centralizing authority and ending the Republic’s political structure. After his victory in a civil war against Pompey, the senate grew increasingly worried about him, and eventually assassinated him, thus setting the stage for August to form the Empire. His strategic brilliance, political skills, and reforms transformed Rome, leaving behind a legacy that’s still reflected in the institutions of today.

Napoleon Bonaparte was to many people the greatest Frenchman who ever lived. While such a viewpoint is subjective, the Corsican General’s rise to power was incredible. He reshaped the political landscape of Europe, leaving a long-lasting effect on history. He was a military genius, famed for his complex battle strategies, such as Austerlitz[d] and Wagram. By 1810, much of the continent was under his thumb, and he brought about significant reforms in all areas, spreading the ideals of the revolution he fought for. His life was one of the most interesting lives in all of history, and despite his controversies, his contributions to modern Europe have cemented his place as one of history’s most impactful figures.

Augustus was the first Emperor of Rome. His rise to power brought Rome from an unstable republic into a strong autocracy. His rule began the Pax Romana[e], a golden age for Rome which lasted two centuries. The month of August is still named after him, with his influence clearly lasting far beyond his lifetime. All areas of Rome were reformed, from the political system to the military. He invested heavily in public works projects, earning Rome the nickname “urbs aeterna[f],” or “Eternal City.” Augustus’ achievements set a high standard for future rulers, which have arguably never since been matched, solidifying his place as one of the greatest rulers in history.

Taking our top spot, it’s the Greatest of the Greats, the original conqueror, you’ve guessed it - it’s Alexander the Great. Famous for his military prowess and his undefeated record in battle, his campaigns stretched from Greece to India, conquering at lightning fast speed. He employed strategies, such as the phalanx formation, in enormously effective ways. Not only this, but he founded numerous cities, many named Alexandria, indicative of his humble nature. He aimed to create a harmonious and culturally diverse empire, which was short-lived but had a profound impact on history. Despite dying at the young age of 32, he managed to become the greatest ruler in European history. His vision, leadership, and achievements left a legacy that has still not been topped.

From visionary kings and queens to bold Emperors, these legendary leaders defined their eras, but did your favorite make the cut? Or is there someone else you believe deserves a spot on the list? Let us know in the comments below!