Top 30 Historical Mysteries That Have Been SOLVED

Since the 1960s, an unusual light has caught the attention of many people in and around Paulding, Michigan. Its inexplicable nature and seemingly nightly recurrence evoked a new chapter of folklore. People came up with paranormal and supernatural explanations, such as the ghost of a railway brakeman who was killed by a train. In 2010, students at Michigan Tech University hit the road in an effort to find the truth about the Paulding Light. They located the light origin area along US Highway 45. Using a telescope and scientific methods, they reached a non-supernatural conclusion about what the Paulding Light really is: car headlights. It turned out the strange visual phenomenon was an optical illusion caused by atmospheric conditions and terrain. A+!

The timeless question about the possible existence of extraterrestrial beings has come up countless times, often sparked by UFO sightings and natural human curiosity. In 2003, the discovery of an abnormal mini skeleton in Chile’s Atacama Desert brought the question back into the spotlight. With an irregular head shape and rib-count, this was a true anomaly. Many people couldn’t help but jump to the conclusion that the skeleton might be of alien origin. In 2018, however, DNA analysis revealed that the skeleton was actually human—a human fetus. The small skeleton’s extremely rare and atypical appearance was due to mutations associated with bone diseases. While the overarching question about alien life persisted after that analysis, the mystery of the Atacama skeleton was solved.

Massive, intricate patterns ingrained in the ground naturally evoke questions. There are few places like Wiltshire, England, when it comes to the abundance of crop circles. But how did they get there? The mystifying figures started appearing in the area in the 1970s in wheat, barley, and corn fields. In the following decade, the mystery grew. In 1991, though, light was finally shed on the subject. Most of the crop circles in the area were not caused by UFO landings, as some had theorized. They were the work of two men, who admitted to crafting the patterns with tools, debunking any otherworldly explanations– at least for these specific crop circles.

Indiana Jones embarks on a journey to find a magical crystal skull in the franchise’s fourth film. The object represents a fascinating cultural phenomenon that started in the 19th century. Crystal skulls surfaced in different parts of the world, raising questions about their origins. People claimed they dated back to ancient Mesoamerican civilizations. Some believed the skulls possessed mystical powers, as depicted in “Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull.” Studies in the late 1990s and early 2000s made things crystal clear: These skulls are nowhere near as old as previously claimed. Research concluded they were crafted during the 19th century. They still belong in a museum, though.

One might think the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE would have burned a set of ancient scrolls to a crisp. And, well, it kind of did– but not exactly. The Greek philosophical texts known as the Herculaneum papyri were uncovered in the 18th century and, unsurprisingly, were in poor condition. Deciphering these surviving scrolls is challenging, as unrolling them could destroy them. Despite their charred and fragile state, hope wasn’t lost. A historic breakthrough came in 2023 when University of Nebraska computer science student Luke Farritor[c] used artificial intelligence to detect the first word from these ancient scrolls during an organized Vesuvius Challenge. Since then, AI has aided researchers in deciphering several passages from these damaged but not destroyed texts.

There’s been considerable speculation about the locations and reasons behind historical lost cities. The ancient Greek city of Helike is an extraordinary example of one such city with answers to those questions. In 373 BCE, it disappeared overnight. The cause, we now know, was that an earthquake and tsunami destroyed and submerged the city. For over 2,370 years, Helike’s exact whereabouts remained unknown. However, in 2001, the lost city was rediscovered beneath a lagoon. Excavations and analysis unveiled alignments with historical accounts of the city’s demise. Evidence supporting the identification of this site as Helike became even more convincing about 11 years later when archaeologists unearthed ancient artifacts.

The driving force behind the end of the ancient Nazca society is just one of the many mysteries surrounding the civilization that resided in modern-day Peru. Strong evidence exists about Nazca people’s methods in creating the Nazca lines, but plenty of mystery remains when it comes to their meaning and purpose. The water irrigation purposes of puquios, which are ancient underground aqueducts, is another Nazca mystery that was unraveled. Perhaps an even bigger question associated with this ancient civilization is what led to its decline. Studies during the 2000s determined that deforestation was the principal cause. Cutting down trees, likely for agricultural purposes, ended up being detrimental to the ecosystem and, eventually, the Nazca people.

Hitler’s private secretary Martin Bormann was sentenced to death in absentia for war crimes and crimes against humanity after the collapse of the Third Reich in 1945. But he was nowhere to be found. For decades that followed, his whereabouts remained a mystery and caused plenty of speculation. Multiple reported sightings and rumors elicited a theory that Bormann had fled abroad. Other early reports suggested he was dead. The true answer was a mystery. Years later, organizations such as the CIA and the West German government conducted searches for Bormann, but to no avail. His buried body was finally discovered in 1972, and forensic analysis corroborated the initial reports of his death in 1945.

Tourists in the Ötztal Alps on the Austrian–Italian border opened the door to a new historical mystery when they found a frozen body in 1991. Subsequent scientific analyses determined that the Iceman, called Ötzi, had been preserved in the ice for around 5,300 years. Researchers of course had loads of questions, and were able to answer many–including his gender, age, clothing, belongings, the circumstances of his death, and even his last meal. They also theorized about how he looked. In 2023, new DNA analysis revealed a more accurate picture of Ötzi’s physical appearance, concluding that he had darker skin and less hair than previously thought. Thanks to extensive research, Ötzi is considered one of the most well-studied ancient mummies of all time.

How ancient Roman buildings could stand for so long remained a puzzle for a long time. We’re talking about concrete structures that have withstood the test of time– thousands of years worth of time. Studies starting in the 2010s began to tackle the mystery behind this impressive architectural and engineering feat. Scientists concluded that lime clasts were a crucial ingredient in ancient concrete mix. These white chunks were previously misunderstood. They functioned as self-healing mechanisms, preventing cracks in the concrete from worsening over time. Not only did this reveal the secret behind the remarkable durability of Roman constructions like the Pantheon, but it also provided deeper insight into advanced materials and techniques used by early Roman engineers.

A young man named Tutankhamun ruled Ancient Egypt between 1332 and 1323 BC. You may have heard of him. By the early 20th century, experts theorized that Tutankhamun was buried in the Valley of the Kings alongside other pharaohs, but the location of his tomb remained elusive. By 1912, it was believed that every tomb had been accounted for, except for King Tut’s. So where the heck was it? Enter Howard Carter, who hit the jackpot in 1922. Unlike other royal graves, which had been cut into the Valley’s slopes, Tut’s was dug into the ground and hidden by debris. Carter’s work unveiled not only the location of King Tut’s tomb, but why no one else had been able to find it.

The Greater New England area suffered a vampire panic back in the 19th century, and this was exemplified through the burial of JB55. This code name was spelled out in brass tacks on the man’s coffin, and his skull and femurs were placed in the shape of a traditional skull and crossbones. Decapitating a body and arranging its bones in such a way was a historic method of burying suspected vampires. So did we have a real, genuine one on our hands? Of course not. A DNA test done in 2019 identified this “vampire” as John Barber, aged 55. Hence “JB55.” Barber had most likely died of tuberculosis, which gives people vampiric symptoms like pale skin, red eyes, and a bloody mouth.

Antarctica contains a startling image. Well, the whole continent is pretty darn startling, but we’re talking specifically about Blood Falls. Found in southern Antarctica in the Taylor Glacier is a small cascade of what looks like deep red blood. This was discovered by the Glacier’s namesake, Thomas Griffith Taylor, in 1911. Of course, no one genuinely believed that it was blood. Yet no one knew what it actually was. For a long time, the leading theory was that red algae was responsible for the distinct color. However, recent analysis has proven that the bold red comes from the presence of iron oxide. The iron salts inside the subglacial water oxidize when they reach the surface, changing the liquid from clear to red.

There’s a lot to find fascinating about Vikings, including their system of writing. Like many ancient texts, the Jötunvillur, a rare Norse code, which dates back to the 12th or 13th century, left experts puzzled for years. It wasn’t until 2014 that K. Jonas Nordby of the University of Oslo figured it out. The Jötunvillur had popped up on many rune sticks, but the one from which Nordby was able to decipher it, which he calls his Rosetta stone, was located at Bergen wharf, Norway. What made these runes so hard to crack was that they were coded, likely owing to their use as an educational tool. There’s nothing juicy in the writings, but cracking an ancient code is still incredibly exciting!

It’s amazing how often conditions and diseases are misattributed to the supernatural. We’ve seen it with the Connecticut Vampire, and we see it again with the so-called Starchild. The distinct skull of the Starchild was obtained by paranormal author Lloyd Pye, who asserted that it belonged to a human-alien hybrid. This news captured our collective imaginations, but it’s really an unfortunate labeling of a tragic reality. Tests done in the late ‘90s and early 2000s proved that the skull belonged to a young human male. Sorry believers, there’s no aliens here. Furthermore, Yale neurologist Steven Novella attributed the cranial deformations to hydrocephalus, a condition in which cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the brain and enlarges the head.

Serving as the second King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, Cambyses II ruled from 530 to 522 BC. Legend has it that in 524, Cambyses sent a massive army against the Oracle of Amun in the Siwa Oasis. However, the army was accosted by a devastating sandstorm and all 50,000 men were lost. For a long time, the veracity of this tale was questioned, as its primary source was the Greek historian Herodotus, who has been known to, shall we say, dramatize certain events. But in 2009, archaeologists Angelo and Alfredo Castiglioni found human remains and Persian belongings near the Siwa Oasis, finally lending credence to the story. However, it’s important to note that some experts doubt the findings of the Castiglionis.

You’ve probably heard of The Flying Dutchman, as it’s been featured extensively in art, television, and film, including the “Pirates of the Caribbean” franchise. This is an alleged ghost ship that inspired many a tall tale, with the legend dating back to the 18th century. It is said that the Flying Dutchman floats above the water and contains a crew of cursed and undead sailors. Reports of the ship even stretched into the 20th century, and that’s because optical illusions are timeless. Yep, the Flying Dutchman is not one ship, but the result of an optical illusion called Fata Morgana. Essentially, some ships on the distant horizon look like they’re floating owing to how light travels through different layers of air.

And speaking of legends, it doesn’t get much bigger than the Trojan War. A favorite subject of Ancient Greek literature, the Trojan War details the invasion of Troy by the Achaeans. Many scholars debate the history of the war itself, and for a long time, they debated the location of Troy as well. Most thought it was merely a place of legend, but that viewpoint changed thanks to Heinrich Schliemann and Frank Calvert. In 1871, the archeologists began excavations in present-day Hisarlik, Turkey and discovered not one city, but nine. Each city was built on the ruins of the last, resulting in numerous distinct layers labeled by Roman numerals. It is now widely believed that Troy VI is the one depicted in the Greek myth.

The Moai, as they are properly known, are some of the most recognizable monuments in the world. Populating Easter Island in Polynesia, the moai were carved in a volcanic crater called Rano Raraku. They were then transported to the outer perimeter of the island, where they rested on platforms called Ahu. We don’t really know how the natives moved the statues, and for a long time, we didn’t know why they chose the sites that they did. Well, that particular question was solved in 2019 by researchers at Binghamton University. They discovered that the ahu were placed near sources of fresh drinking water, because that’s where communities were inclined to settle. It’s not dramatic, but it sure is practical!

In the span of human history, the Maya collapse wasn’t all that long ago, with the last city falling to Spanish settlers in 1697. But another major collapse occurred earlier, with most of the major Maya cities being abandoned between the 7th and 9th centuries. The reason for this is one of history’s greatest unanswered questions. Well, it was. Until 2012. Turns out, a number of factors went into the collapse, as it so often does. The Maya greatly deforested the surrounding area, which exacerbated an ongoing drought and killed all agriculture in the region. Furthermore, trade routes had changed from land to sea, impacting local economies and forcing a relocation from the Southern Lowlands to the Northern Yucatán.

Captain Sir John Franklin’s Arctic exploration expedition was lost after leaving England in 1845. Over the years, many other ships set out to see if they could find out what happened to the doomed crew. While some clues were found, including gravesites of some of the men who had been aboard, it was only at the end of the 20th century that we began to get answers about what had caused Franklin and his team so much trouble. Unfortunately, we discovered that many of the crew members did not die quickly but rather succumbed to diseases like scurvy and even lead poisoning after becoming icebound. And sadly, the rumors of cannibalism were also proved to be true...

Homer’s epic Greek poem “The Odyssey” has become known as one of the most important pieces in the history of literature. While there are many things that we still don’t know about the story’s creation, an extra layer of mystery was added when a copy was found with unintelligible notes in the margins. The copy belonged to the University of Chicago Library and was a Venetian edition from 1504. The library created a contest to see if anyone could crack the code, and Italian computer engineer Daniele Metilli figured it out with help from colleague Giula Accetta. It turns out the notes were written in a French shorthand and dated from the 19th century.

While his legacy has lived on through Shakespeare, King Richard III of England was the final English king to perish in battle. In fact, his death during the Battle of Bosworth Field is often used to mark the end of the Middle Ages. But his remains were lost, and only uncovered in 2012 during an archaeological excavation in Leicester. The following year, the body was identified as belonging to Richard III. He had suffered 11 wounds, most of which were on his skull, which suggests that he lost his helmet in battle, leading to his demise.

Known as sailing stones or moving rocks, observers have long noticed the enigmatic phenomenon of these objects that seemingly move on their own, leaving trails in their wake. The most famous example is found in Racetrack Playa in California’s Death Valley National Park. Many experiments have been undertaken in an attempt to understand how these large objects move, and we now seem to have an answer. On cold nights, thin sheets of ice develop under them and then float and are able to be moved by the wind, which propels the rocks as fast as five meters per minute.

Between the Arandas Crater and Bamberg Crater in the Cydonia region of Mars, spacecraft Viking 1 captured an image in 1976 that has fueled speculation for decades. That’s because it looked, for all intents and purposes, like there was a face on the Red Planet. While people wanted to use this as evidence of an alien civilization, the actual explanation is a banal one. Scientists have agreed that the face is essentially an optical illusion, and that it’s only present based on the angle from which you view it and how well-lit it is.

The sinking of the USS Indianapolis is amongst the greatest tragedies that the American Navy has ever experienced. Torpedoed by a Japanese submarine in 1945 during a mission to deliver parts of the nuclear weapon Little Boy, there were only 316 survivors from a crew of 1,195. The wreck remained unfound, despite several expeditions to locate it. But in 2016, new information was revealed that gave us a better clue of where it might be, and in 2017 a team funded by Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen finally found the well-preserved remains of the ship.

The Egyptian pyramids are one of Earth’s most widely recognizable landmarks. But for many years, people wondered how they were possibly built without modern technology. Was it aliens? Well, probably not. It had already been known that the Egyptians likely used wooden sleds to drag large objects across the sand, but researchers at the University of Amsterdam added a probable solution to make this even easier. They established that by wetting sand, only slightly, it would create the perfect amount of friction to carry very heavy objects easily. Another ancient Egyptian mystery that has a more clear-cut answer is the hieroglyphs that seemingly depict modern helicopters. It turns out that these are a product of the stone being reused for more than one image.

In a remote area of Russia in 1908, a massive explosion took place that flattened tens of millions of trees and produced an estimated 185 times more energy than the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima. It inevitably left many wondering what had caused it. For decades, people have speculated that it might have been an asteroid, a comet, a clash of matter and antimatter, or even an alien spaceship landing. But in 2013, it was essentially confirmed that it was in fact a meteor when a team from the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine analyzed rock samples of meteoric origin from the site.

While some of the other mysteries on our list may not be commonly known to the general public, nearly everyone has heard of the Bermuda Triangle. For many years, people have wondered about the evils at work here that seemingly make boats sink and planes fall from the sky. But the explanation is simple and unexciting. While some may imagine the Triangle as a small and specific area, it’s actually a huge (and not well defined) region that is heavily trafficked by sea and by air. In fact, your cruise ship may have sailed right through it without you noticing. Yes, plenty of accidents have occurred there, but they largely have logical explanations.

In 1918, the Russian Imperial Romanov family was executed by communist revolutionaries, but for years rumors persisted that Tsar Nicholas II’s youngest daughter, Anastasia, somehow survived and escaped. It didn’t help that several women throughout history have impersonated the supposedly missing princess. These speculations were fueled when the Romanovs grave was found in 1991 and two bodies were seemingly missing. But by 2007, another gravesite had been found nearby, and DNA evidence conclusively proved that all members of the family are accounted for. It’s a sad ending to the tale for those who preferred to hold out hope of her survival.




What answer to a historical mystery are you most skeptical about? Let us know in the comments!